1824: The Arkansas War: Prologue

Dramatis Personae

American characters

    John Quincy Adams: U.S. Secretary of State; candidate for President in the 1824 election.

    Jacob Brown: Major General, commander of the U.S. Army.

    William Cullen Bryant: American poet and newspaper reporter.

    John C. Calhoun: U.S. Senator from South Carolina; candidate for President in the 1824 election.

    Henry Clay: Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; candidate for President in the 1824 election.

    John Coffee: A close friend and associate of Andrew Jackson.

    William H. Crawford: U.S. Secretary of the Treasury; candidate for President in the 1824 election.

    Robert Crittenden: Leader of the expedition to seize the Delta from Arkansas; scion of a prominent political family in Kentucky.

    Adam Beatty: Adviser to Henry Clay.

    Julia Chinn: Mulatto wife of Kentucky Senator Richard M. Johnson; the marriage is invalid by Kentucky law.

    Andrew Jackson Houston: Son of Sam and Maria Hester Houston.

    Maria Hester Houston: Wife of Sam Houston; daughter of James Monroe.

    Sam Houston: Special Commissioner for Indian Affairs in the Monroe administration; later Brigadier General in the Arkansas Army. Adopted son of the Cherokee chief John Jolly; his Cherokee name was Colonneh, which means “The Raven.”

    Andrew Jackson: Senator from Tennessee; candidate for President in the 1824 election.

    Adaline Johnson: Daughter of Richard Johnson and Julia Chinn; twin to Imogene.

    Imogene Johnson: Daughter of Richard Johnson and Julia Chinn; twin to Adaline.

    Richard M. Johnson: Senator from Kentucky; married to Julia Chinn, although the marriage is invalid by Kentucky law.

    Josiah Johnston: Adviser to Henry Clay.

    James Monroe: President of the United States, 1816-1824.

    Peter Porter: Adviser to Henry Clay.

    Scott Powers: Adventurer; partner of Ray Thompson.

    Winfield Scott: Brigadier general, U.S. Army; one of Brown’s two top subordinate officers.

    Zachary Taylor: Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army.

    Ray Thompson: Adventurer; partner of Scott Powers.

   

Arkansas characters

    Charles Ball: General, Arkansas Army.

    John Brown: Abolitionist; a tanner from Ohio who moves to Arkansas.

    Salmon Brown: Abolitionist; brother of John Brown.

    Henry Crowell: Banker and entrepreneur.

    Patrick Driscol: Principal Chief, Arkansas Chiefdom. Also known as “the Laird of Arkansas.”

    Tiana Driscol: Formerly Tiana Rogers; niece of Cherokee chief John Jolly; leader of the Arkansas Women’s Council.

    Marie Laveau: Former New Orleans voudou queen; now married to Charles Ball.

    Anthony McParland: Captain, Arkansas Army.

    Callender McParland: Soldier, Arkansas Army; cousin of Anthony McParland.

    Sheffield Parker: Freedman from Baltimore; later soldier and then officer in the Arkansas Army.

    Henry Shreve: Steamboat designer and entrepreneur; business partner with Patrick Driscol and Henry Crowell.

   

Confederate characters

    Duwali: Cherokee chief; also known as Chief Bowles or The Bowl.

    Pushmataha: Principal Chief of the Choctaws.

    John Ridge: Co-owner, with Buck Watie, of a major newspaper in the Confederacy; later an officer in the Arkansas Army; son of Major Ridge.

    Major Ridge: A major Cherokee chief; father of John Ridge; uncle of Buck Watie.

    John Ross: A major Cherokee chief.

    Buck Watie: Co-owner, with John Ridge, of a major newspaper in the Confederacy; later an officer in the Arkansas Army; nephew of Major Ridge.

   

British characters

    Thomas Clarkson: A leader of the British anti-slavery movement.

    David Ross: Son of Robert Ross.

    Eliza Ross: Wife of Robert Ross.

    Robert Ross: Former major general, British army; active in the anti-slavery movement.

    William Wilberforce: Member of Parliament; a leader of the British anti-slavery movement.

   

The north bank of the Ohio river, near Cincinnati
    April 22, 1824

    By the time they finished making camp for the night, Sheffield Parker was exhausted. They’d been pushing hard for over a week, ever since they reached the boat landing at Brownsville in Cabell County and started traveling across country instead of continuing down the Ohio River on a flatboat. A friendly white riverboat man had cautioned them about it. He said they’d been safe enough, passing down Virginia’s western counties, since there were hardly any slaves in the area. But from there on downriver they’d have Kentucky on the south bank of the Ohio, and a number of slave-catching parties were active on or near the river.

    “We freedmen,” Sheff’s uncle Jem had protested.

    The boatman glanced at their party, which consisted of Sheff and his mother, his sister Dinah and his uncle Jem, and twelve other people from three different families. Several of them were children of one age or another.

    “Well, that’s pretty obvious. You don’t never see runaway slaves in parties this big. But look, folks, it just don’t matter—and you got to know that much yourselves. Those slave-catchers are rounding up any black people they can lay their hands on, these days. It’s been a field day for the bastards ever since the exclusion laws started getting enforced. They’ll even roam into Ohio to do it. They’ll grab you and haul you before a tame judge in Kentucky and he’ll bang his gavel and declare you obvious runaways and you’ll be up on the selling block before the day’s over.”

    “We got papers—” Sheff’s mother started digging in the sack where she kept their few valuable belongings.

    “Ma’am, it don’t matter.” He flipped his hand, dismissing the idea. “Forget about anything you can call ‘law,’ down there. If you got papers, the slave-catchers will just burn them. Then it’s your word against theirs—and any judge they’ll be hauling you up before would rule against Jesus Christ in a heartbeat, if he was your color.”

    He shrugged. “It’s a shame and a disgrace, but there it is. Was I you, I’d sell the flatboat and start moving overland. Stay away from the river, as much as you can. Course, that ain’t so easy, lots of places. Just be careful, is all.”

    They’d taken his advice, eventually, after finding someone who was willing to pay them a reasonable price for the flatboat. But it had been hard-going, thereafter. The road along the north bank of the Ohio was a primitive thing, compared to the National Road they’d been able to take as far as Wheeling after they fled Baltimore. Sheff had had to carry his little sister for the last two days, she’d been so worn out.

 

---

 

    And then it all seemed to come to nothing. Less than an hour after they made camp, just at sundown, Sheff heard a noise in the woods that circled the clearing on every side except the river. A moment later, two white men emerged, with five more coming right after them. All of them had guns, to make it still worse. Two of them held muskets, and all the others had pistols. Nobody in Sheff’s party had any weapons at all, except the big knives that Jem and two of the other men carried.

    “Well, lookee here, boys. Ain’t this a haul?”

    Sheff stared at them, petrified, from where he was squatting by the fire. He was sixteen years old. The first eleven years of his life had been the cramped years of a poor freedman’s son in Baltimore, but not really so bad as all that. Then the white people started getting crazy after some sort of battle near New Orleans that Sheff didn’t understand much about, except it seemed some black men had beaten the state militia over there and moved to the new Confederacy of the Arkansas. Which was way out west, Sheff wasn’t really sure exactly where.

    White people had gotten mean, thereafter, a lot meaner than usual. New laws had been passed in Maryland, ordering all freedmen to leave the state within a year. Like most freedmen, they’d just ignored the law, seeing as how they were poor and didn’t know where to go anyway. Most states were passing the same laws. “Freedman Exclusion laws,” they were called. Then the rioting had started, and they hadn’t had any choice but to try to make it to the Confederacy.

    And now, even that was going to be denied to them.

    One of the white men with a musket hefted it up a few inches. Not cocking it, just making the threat obvious. “Don’t be giving us no trouble now. I don’t want to kill no nigger, on account of it’s a waste of money. But I will, don’t think I won’t.”

    One of the other men chuckled and started to say something. But he broke off after the first couple of words, startled by movement to his left.

    Sheff was startled, too. He looked over to the far side of the clearing and saw that another white man had come out of the woods.

    He hissed in a breath. That was the scariest-looking white man Sheffield Parker had ever seen. And, even at the age of sixteen, he’d seen a lot of scary white men. Especially over the past few months, since the killing had started.

    “And who’re you?” one of the white men demanded of the new arrival.

    The man who’d come out of the woods ignored the question. His eyes simply moved slowly across the clearing, taking in everything. He was holding a musket in his right hand, almost casually.

    The sun had set, by now, and in the flickering light of the campfire, those eyes looked very dark. But Sheff was pretty sure they were actually light-colored. That scary blueish-gray color that he’d come to fear and hate more than any color in the world. The color of the eyes of most of the men who had beaten his father to death, just a few weeks earlier. Sheff hadn’t had any trouble, then, determining the color. The men had done the deed in broad daylight, on a street in Baltimore.

    He’d thought they were going to kill him, too, but they satisfied themselves with just beating him and his mother. Following which, they’d given them two days to get out of Baltimore, or suffer his father’s fate.

    They’d left that very night, instead, along with a dozen other survivors from the race riot the white men had launched..

    “Who’re you?” the white man demanded again. He began to raise his musket.

    “Bring that gun an inch higher and you’re a dead man,” the newcomer said. Turning his head, slightly: “See to it, Salmon. Levi, if any of the others makes a threatening move, kill him.”

    The seven original white men froze. Partly, Sheff thought, that was because of the sight of two musket barrels emerging from the woods, gleaming in the campfire light. But mostly it was just the way the man had said the words.

    Scary, that had been, like everything about him. The words had issued from those gaunt jaws like decrees from a judge—or maybe one of those Old Testament prophets that Sheff’s uncle Jem was so partial to. For all the threat in the words, they’d been spoken neither casually, nor in heat. Simply...

    Stated. The way a man might state that the sky was blue, or that the moon rose. A certainty; a given; decreed and ordained by nature.

    One of the other seven white men finally broke the paralysis. He hunched his shoulders and spit. “Well, tarnation, sir, who are you?”

    In a more aggrieved tone, one of the others added: “It ain’t fair! We spotted and tracked ‘em first. Rightfully, the reward should be ours.”

    The gaunt-jawed man brought his gaze to bear on that one. “What ‘reward’?”

    “Well...” The other seem a bit abashed, for a moment. “The reward for capturing runaway slaves, of course.”

    That finally brought Sheff’s mother out of her own paralysis, that she’d fallen into the moment the first seven white men had come into their camp. “Tha’ss not true! We freedmen! We was driven out of Baltimore, and we on our way to the Confederates in Arkansas.”

    One of the white men glared at her and started to snarl something, but the gaunt-jawed man cut him off.

    “It matters not, anyway. This is Ohio. We do not tolerate the heathen institution of slavery here.” He nodded toward the negroes squatting by the fire. “They are men, and thus they are by nature free. So God decrees. I care not in the least what some sinner claims in Virginia or the Carolinas. Soon enough, his flesh will roast in eternal hellfire.”

    He took a step forward, his musket held higher. “Begone, all of you.”

    The seven original white men just stared at him.

    “Begone,” he repeated.

    One of them had had enough. He snatched his hat from his head and slammed it to the ground. Then, planted his hand on the pistol at his belt.

    “The hell we will! I don’t know what crazy notions you’ve got in your head, but we—”

    The gaunt-jawed man took another step forward. He was now standing not fifteen feet away from the man with the pistol.

    “I believe in the Golden Rule, sir, and the Declaration of Independence. I think that both mean the same thing. And, that being so, it is better that a whole generation should pass off the face of the earth—men, women and children—by a violent death than that one jot of either should fail in this country. I mean exactly so, sir.”

    The man with the pistol hesitated. Then, sneered. “You won’t shoot.”

    The musket came up like dawn rising. Not quickly, no. Sheff wasn’t sure, but he didn’t think the gaunt-jawed man was really what people meant by a “gun man.” He wasn’t handling the musket awkwardly, but he didn’t seem especially favored with it, either.

    It mattered not at all. The dawn rises. It just does, whether any man wills it or not.

    At the end, the pistol-man seemed to realize it also. “Hey—! ” he started to shout, before the bullet took him in the chest and hammered him to the ground.

    “Hey!” two of the others echoed in protest.

    The gaunt-jawed man ignored them, as he began reloading his musket. “If any of them move, Salmon and Levi, slay them.”

    They didn’t move. Even though they all had guns too, and had the gaunt-jawed man and his fellows outnumbered.

    Well... maybe. From the corner of his eye, Sheff could see his uncle Jem and two of the other men in their party reaching for their knives. His mother was doing the same.

    Sheff wished he had a knife himself.

    Halfway through reloading his musket, the gaunt-jawed man looked up. He was close enough now that Sheff could finally see the true color of his eyes.

    Grayish-blue, sure enough. That same frightening, cold color. But since it wasn’t aimed at him, for once, Sheff wasn’t so scared.

    “All of you,” the man said quietly to the six white men still alive and facing him, “were condemned before you were born. God is Almighty and so He decreed, for purposes of His own. I will shoot each and every one you—shoot you as dead as that one, sirs—and I will simply be the instrument of God’s will. So do not think—ever—to say to me: ‘thou wilt not do it.’ Oh, no, sirs. I assure you. I most certainly will.”

    They were strange words, in a way, coming from a man whom Sheff suddenly realized was quite young. Somewhere in his early twenties, at a guess, although the harsh features of his face made him seem older. Yet he’d spoken the words like one of the ancient prophets, and Sheff knew that some of them had lived to be hundreds of years old.

    “I most certainly will,” the man repeated. He was close to being done, now, with the reloading. “Indeed, I shall, the moment this musket is ready to fire again.”

    He broke off the work, for an instant, to point with the ramrod at one of the six white men.

    “I will kill you first. After that, the others. Those whom my brothers—black as well as white—have left alive. If there are any.”

    Sheff’s uncle rose to his feet. So did the other two black men. Their knives were all visible, out in the open and with campfire light on them.

    “Won’t be a one, sir,” Uncle Jem predicted. “Not if your brothers shoot as straight as you do.”

    The eyes of the six original white men were very wide, by now.

    “Hey!” one of them cried.

    “Begone, I said.” The gaunt-jawed man didn’t look up from the reloading. “And do not—ever—come near me again.”

    Sheff almost laughed, watching how they ran away. His mother did, after one of them tripped over a root.

 

---

 

    Before they slept for the night, the gaunt-jawed man insisted on leading them in prayer. Then, reading from his Bible, for a few minutes, until he passed it over to Jem.

    Sheff didn’t mind. His uncle Jem’s heavy voice was a reassuring counter-tone to the white man’s. And it wasn’t as if they were quarreling over the Biblical text, after all.

 

---

 

    The next morning, when he awoke, Sheff saw that the white man and his two brothers were already awake. Awake, clothed—and armed.

    For the first time in his sixteen years of life, the sight of an armed white man didn’t scare Sheff. Even if the man in question was still the scariest-looking white man he’d ever seen.

    Once the party was all awake and ready to resume their travel, the man spoke.

    “My brothers and I will go with you as far as the Confederacy. To make sure nothing happens like last night.”

    “It’s a far stretch, sir,” pointed out Jem.

    The man shrugged. “We’ve been thinking of settling in the Confederacy, anyway. I would much like to make the acquaintance of Patrick Driscol. In a world full of sinners, his like is not often encountered.”

    Uncle Jem nodded. “We’d much appreciate it, sir. Ever since Calhoun and his bunch got those freedmen exclusion laws passed, it’s been nigh horrible for black folks.”

    “Yes, I know. Calhoun will burn. Not for us to know why God chose to inflict him upon us. No doubt He had His reasons.”

 

---

 

    By the time they reached the Mississippi, almost two weeks later, Sheff had worked up the courage to ask the man’s name. He was the first one to do so.

    It helped that a party of Cherokees was there, ready to escort them the rest of the way to the Arkansas Confederacy. Cherokees were frightening, to be sure, but they weren’t as frightening as white men.

    Not even all white men were frightening to Sheff any longer. Not even him. He was learning to make distinctions that hadn’t seemed very clear, back in the freedmens’ quarters of Baltimore.

    “Please, sir,” he said. “I’d really appreciate to know your name.”

    The man nodded, gravely. Then, smiled. He had quite a nice smile, even if it wasn’t often evident.

    “I wondered when one of you might ask.” He pointed to his two brothers. “That’s Salmon. The other is my adopted brother, Levi Blakeslee. My name is Brown. John Brown.”